- Lowercase
// Make an alphabetic text string lowercase.
.arch armv8-a
// Useful constant
.equ MAX,50 // Character limit
// Stack frame
.equ the_string, 16
.equ FRAME, 80 // Allows >51 bytes
// Code
.text
.section .rodata
.align 3
prompt:
.string "Enter up to 50 alphabetic characters: "
result:
.string "All lower: "
.text
.align 2
.global main
.type main, %function
main:
stp fp, lr, [sp, -FRAME]! // Create stack frame
mov fp, sp // Set our frame pointer
adr x0, prompt // Prompt message
bl write_str // Ask for input
add x0, sp, the_string // Place to store string
mov w1, MAX // Limit number of input chars
bl read_str // Get from keyboard
add x1, sp, the_string // Address of string
mov x0, x1 // Replace the string.
bl to_lower // Do conversion
adr x0, result // Show result
bl write_str
add x0, sp, the_string // Converted string
bl write_str
mov w0, '\n' // Nice formatting
bl write_char
mov w0, 0 // Return 0
ldp x29, x30, [sp], FRAME // Delete stack frame
ret
// Convert alphabetic letters in a C string to lowercase.
// Calling sequence
// x0 <- pointer to result
// x1 <- pointer to string to convert
// Return number of characters converted.
.arch armv8-a
// Useful constant
.equ LOWMASK, 0x20
// Program code
.text
.align 2
.global to_lower
.type to_lower, %function
to_lower:
mov w2, wzr // counter = 0
loop:
ldrb w3, [x1] // Load character
cbz w3, done // All done if NUL char
movz w4, LOWMASK // If not, do masking
orr w3, w3, w4 // Mask to lower
strb w3, [x0] // Store result
add x0, x0, 1 // Increment destination pointer,
add x1, x1, 1 // source pointer,
add w2, w2, 1 // and counter,
b loop // and continue
done:
strb w3, [x0] // Terminating NUL got us here
mov w0, w2 // Return count
ret // Back to caller
- Change case.
// Make an alphabetic text string opposite case.
.arch armv8-a
// Useful constant
.equ MAX,50 // Character limit
// Stack frame
.equ the_string, 16
.equ FRAME, 80 // Allows >51 bytes
// Code
.text
.section .rodata
.align 3
prompt:
.string "Enter up to 50 alphabetic characters: "
result:
.string "Opposite case: "
.text
.align 2
.global main
.type main, %function
main:
stp fp, lr, [sp, -FRAME]! // Create stack frame
mov fp, sp // Set our frame pointer
adr x0, prompt // Prompt message
bl write_str // Ask for input
add x0, sp, the_string // Place to store string
mov w1, MAX // Limit number of input chars
bl read_str // Get from keyboard
add x1, sp, the_string // Address of string
mov x0, x1 // Replace the string.
bl toggle_case // Do conversion
adr x0, result // Show result
bl write_str
add x0, sp, the_string // Converted string
bl write_str
mov w0, '\n' // Nice formatting
bl write_char
mov w0, 0 // Return 0
ldp x29, x30, [sp], FRAME // Delete stack frame
ret
// Toggle case of alphabetic letters in a C string.
// Calling sequence
// x0 <- pointer to result
// x1 <- pointer to string to convert
// Return number of characters converted.
.arch armv8-a
// Useful constant
.equ TOGGLEMASK, 0x20
// Program code
.text
.align 2
.global toggle_case
.type toggle_case, %function
toggle_case:
mov w2, wzr // counter = 0
loop:
ldrb w3, [x1] // Load character
cbz w3, done // All done if NUL char
movz w4, TOGGLEMASK // If not, do masking
eor w3, w3, w4 // Toggle case
strb w3, [x0] // Store result
add x0, x0, 1 // Increment destination pointer,
add x1, x1, 1 // source pointer,
add w2, w2, 1 // and counter,
b loop // and continue
done:
strb w3, [x0] // Terminating NUL got us here
mov w0, w2 // Return count
ret // Back to caller
- To be done.
- Show number of hex characters converted. Notice that we wrote the
hex_to_int function to return the number of characters, so we don’t have to change it.
// Gets hex number from user and stores it as int.
#include <stdio.h>
#include "write_str.h"
#include "read_str.h"
#include "hex_to_int.h"
#define MAX 20
int main()
{
char the_string[MAX];
int the_int;
int count;
write_str("Enter up to 8 hex characters: ");
read_str(the_string, MAX);
count = hex_to_int(&the_int, the_string);
printf("The %i characters %x = %i\n", count, the_int, the_int);
return 0;
}
- Convert octal to
int.
// Get an ocatal number from the user and store it as a long int.
.arch armv8-a
// Useful constant
.equ MAX, 21
// Stack frame
.equ the_int, 16
.equ the_string, 24
.equ FRAME, 48
// Code
.text
.section .rodata
.align 3
prompt:
.string "Enter up to 21 octal characters: "
format:
.string "0%lo = %li\n"
.text
.align 2
.global main
.type main, %function
main:
stp fp, lr, [sp, -FRAME]! // Create stack frame
mov fp, sp // Our frame pointer
adr x0, prompt // Prompt message
bl write_str // Ask for input
add x0, sp, the_string // Place to store string
mov w1, MAX // Limit number of input chars
bl read_str // Get from keyboard
add x1, sp, the_string // Address of string
add x0, sp, the_int // Place to store int
bl octal_to_int // Do conversion
ldr x2, [sp, the_int] // Load int
ldr x1, [sp, the_int] // printf shows this copy in hex
adr x0, format // Format string
bl printf
mov w0, 0 // Return 0
ldp x29, x30, [sp], FRAME // Delete stack frame
ret
// Convert an octal character string to a long int.
// Calling sequence
// x0 <- pointer to long int result
// x1 <- pointer to octal character string to convert
// Return number of characters converted.
.arch armv8-a
// Useful constants
.equ INTPART, 0x0f
// Program code
.text
.align 2
.global octal_to_int
.type octal_to_int, %function
octal_to_int:
mov x2, xzr // result = 0;
mov w3, wzr // counter = 0;
convert:
ldrb w4, [x1] // Load character
cbz w4, done // NUL character?
and x4, x4, INTPART // 4-bit integer
lsl x2, x2, 3 // Make room for it
orr x2, x2, x4 // Insert new 3-bit integer
add x1, x1, 1 // Increment source pointer
add w3, w3, 1 // and counter
b convert // and continue
done:
str x2, [x0] // Output result
mov w0, w3 // Return count
ret // Back to caller
- Unsigned decimal string to
unsigned int.
// Echo an unsigned int.
#include "get_uint.h"
#include "put_uint.h"
#include "write_str.h"
#include "write_char.h"
int main(void)
{
int x;
write_str("Enter unsigned integer: ");
x = get_uint();
write_str("You entered: ");
put_uint(x);
write_char('\n');
return 0;
}
// Read a decimal integer from keyboard and convert to an unsigned int.
#ifndef GET_UINT_H
#define GET_UINT_H
unsigned int get_uint(void);
#endif
// Read a decimal integer from keyboard and convert to an unsigned int.
// Calling sequence
// returns the int
.arch armv8-a
// Useful constants
.equ MAX, 10 // Maximum digits
// Stack frame
.equ an_int, 16
.equ a_string, 20
.equ FRAME, 32
// Code
.text
.align 2
.global get_uint
.type get_uint, %function
get_uint:
stp fp, lr, [sp, -FRAME]! // Create stack frame
mov fp, sp // Our frame pointer
mov w1, MAX
add x0, sp, a_string // Place to store input string
bl read_str
add x1, sp, a_string // Address of input
add x0, sp, an_int // Place for output
bl dec_to_uint // Convert as unsigned int
ldr w0, [sp, an_int] // Return the int
ldp x29, x30, [sp], FRAME // Delete stack frame
ret
// Display an int on screen.
#ifndef PUT_UINT_H
#define PUT_UINT_H
int put_uint(unsigned int);
#endif
// Display an unsigned int on screen.
.arch armv8-a
// Calling sequence
// w0 <- the int
// returns 0
// Useful constants
.equ MAX, 11 // Maximum digits
// Stack frame
.equ an_int, 16
.equ a_string, 20
.equ FRAME, 32
// Code
.text
.align 2
.global put_uint
.type put_uint, %function
put_uint:
stp fp, lr, [sp, -FRAME]! // Create stack frame
mov fp, sp // Our frame pointer
mov w1, w0 // Input
add x0, sp, a_string // Place for output string
bl uint_to_dec // Convert to text string
add x0, sp, a_string // Display the int
bl write_str
mov w0, 0 // Return 0
ldp x29, x30, [sp], FRAME // Delete stack frame
ret
// Convert a decimal text string to unsigned int.
// string representation.
// Calling sequence
// x0 <- place to store string
// w1 <- the int
// returns number of characters in string
.arch armv8-a
// Useful constants
.equ RADIX, 10 // number base
.equ INT2CHAR, 0x30 // ascii zero
// Stack frame
// Stack frame
.equ reverse, 0
.equ FRAME, 16
// Code
.text
.align 2
.global uint_to_dec
.type uint_to_dec, %function
uint_to_dec:
sub sp, sp, FRAME // Local string on stack
add x3, sp, reverse // Pointer to local string storage
strb wzr, [x3] // Create end with NUL
mov w2, RADIX // Put in register
do_while:
add x3, x3, 1 // Increment local pointer
udiv w4, w1, w2 // Compute quotient
msub w5, w4, w2, w1 // remainder = quotient - RADIX * quotient
orr w5, w5, INT2CHAR // Convert to ascii
strb w5, [x3] // Store character
mov w1, w4 // Remove remainder
cbnz w1, do_while // Continue if more left
mov w6, wzr // count = 0
copy:
ldrb w5, [x3] // Load character
strb w5, [x0] // and store it
add x0, x0, 1 // Increment to pointer
sub x3, x3, 1 // Decrement from pointer
add w6, w6, 1 // Increment counter
cbnz w5, copy // Continue until NUL char
strb w5, [x0] // Store NUL character
mov w0, w6 // Return count;
add sp, sp, FRAME // Restore sp
ret
- The assembly language for the two C algorithms is the same. Since
RADIX is 10, the compiler used a shift and add algorithm for the * operation.
put_int and get_int functions.
// Echo an unsigned int.
#include "get_int.h"
#include "put_int.h"
#include "write_str.h"
#include "write_char.h"
int main(void)
{
int x;
write_str("Enter signed integer: ");
x = get_int();
write_str("You entered: ");
put_int(x);
write_char('\n');
return 0;
}
// Read a decimal integer from keyboard and convert to an int.
#ifndef GET_INT_H
#define GET_INT_H
int get_int(void);
#endif
// Read a decimal integer from keyboard and convert to an int.
// Calling sequence
// returns the int
.arch armv8-a
// Useful constants
.equ MAX, 11 // maximum digits
// Stack frame
.equ an_int, 16
.equ a_string, 20
.equ frame, 32
// Code
.text
.align 2
.global get_int
.type get_int, %function
get_int:
stp fp, lr, [sp, -frame]! // create our stack frame
mov fp, sp // set our frame pointer
mov w1, MAX
add x0, sp, a_string // place to store input string
bl read_str
add x1, sp, a_string // input
add x0, sp, an_int // place for output
bl dec_to_int // convert as int
ldr w0, [sp, an_int] // return the int
ldp fp, lr, [sp], frame // restore fp, lr, sp
ret // back to caller
// Display an int on the screen.
#ifndef PUT_INT_H
#define PUT_INT_H
int put_int(int);
#endif
// Display an int on the screen.
.arch armv8-a
// Calling sequence
// w0 <- the int
// returns 0
// Useful constants
.equ MAX, 11 // maximum digits
// Stack frame
.equ an_int, 16
.equ a_string, 20
.equ frame, 32
// Code
.text
.align 2
.global put_int
.type put_int, %function
put_int:
stp fp, lr, [sp, -frame]! // create our stack frame
mov fp, sp // set our frame pointer
mov w1, w0 // input
add x0, sp, a_string // place for output string
bl int_to_dec // convert to text string
add x0, sp, a_string // display the int
bl write_str
mov w0, wzr // return 0;
ldp fp, lr, [sp], frame // restore fp, lr, sp
ret // back to caller
put_uint and get_uint functions.
// Echo an unsigned int.
#include "get_uint.h"
#include "put_uint.h"
#include "write_str.h"
#include "write_char.h"
int main(void)
{
int x;
write_str("Enter unsigned integer: ");
x = get_uint();
write_str("You entered: ");
put_uint(x);
write_char('\n');
return 0;
}
// Read a decimal integer from keyboard and convert to an unsigned int.
#ifndef GET_UINT_H
#define GET_UINT_H
unsigned int get_uint(void);
#endif
// Read a decimal integer from keyboard and convert to an unsigned int.
// Calling sequence
// returns the int
.arch armv8-a
// Useful constants
.equ MAX, 10 // Maximum digits
// Stack frame
.equ an_int, 16
.equ a_string, 20
.equ FRAME, 32
// Code
.text
.align 2
.global get_uint
.type get_uint, %function
get_uint:
stp fp, lr, [sp, -FRAME]! // Create stack frame
mov fp, sp // Our frame pointer
mov w1, MAX
add x0, sp, a_string // Place to store input string
bl read_str
add x1, sp, a_string // Address of input
add x0, sp, an_int // Place for output
bl dec_to_uint // Convert as unsigned int
ldr w0, [sp, an_int] // Return the int
ldp x29, x30, [sp], FRAME // Delete stack frame
ret
// Convert a decimal text string to unsigned int.
#ifndef UINT_TO_DEC_H
#define UINT_TO_DEC_H
int uint_to_dec(char *string, unsigned int *x);
#endif
// Convert a decimal text string to unsigned int.
// string representation.
// Calling sequence
// x0 <- place to store string
// w1 <- the int
// returns number of characters in string
.arch armv8-a
// Useful constants
.equ RADIX, 10 // number base
.equ INT2CHAR, 0x30 // ascii zero
// Stack frame
// Stack frame
.equ reverse, 0
.equ FRAME, 16
// Code
.text
.align 2
.global uint_to_dec
.type uint_to_dec, %function
uint_to_dec:
sub sp, sp, FRAME // Local string on stack
add x3, sp, reverse // Pointer to local string storage
strb wzr, [x3] // Create end with NUL
mov w2, RADIX // Put in register
do_while:
add x3, x3, 1 // Increment local pointer
udiv w4, w1, w2 // Compute quotient
msub w5, w4, w2, w1 // remainder = quotient - RADIX * quotient
orr w5, w5, INT2CHAR // Convert to ascii
strb w5, [x3] // Store character
mov w1, w4 // Remove remainder
cbnz w1, do_while // Continue if more left
mov w6, wzr // count = 0
copy:
ldrb w5, [x3] // Load character
strb w5, [x0] // and store it
add x0, x0, 1 // Increment to pointer
sub x3, x3, 1 // Decrement from pointer
add w6, w6, 1 // Increment counter
cbnz w5, copy // Continue until NUL char
strb w5, [x0] // Store NUL character
mov w0, w6 // Return count;
add sp, sp, FRAME // Restore sp
ret
// Display an unsigned int on screen.
#ifndef PUT_UINT_H
#define PUT_UINT_H
int put_uint(unsigned int);
#endif
// Display an unsigned int on screen.
.arch armv8-a
// Calling sequence
// w0 <- the int
// returns 0
// Useful constants
.equ MAX, 11 // Maximum digits
// Stack frame
.equ an_int, 16
.equ a_string, 20
.equ FRAME, 32
// Code
.text
.align 2
.global put_uint
.type put_uint, %function
put_uint:
stp fp, lr, [sp, -FRAME]! // Create stack frame
mov fp, sp // Our frame pointer
mov w1, w0 // Input
add x0, sp, a_string // Place for output string
bl uint_to_dec // Convert to text string
add x0, sp, a_string // Display the int
bl write_str
mov w0, 0 // Return 0
ldp x29, x30, [sp], FRAME // Delete stack frame
ret
- Sum, difference, product, quotient, and remainder of two
ints.
// Add, subtract, multiply, and divide two integers.
.arch armv8-a
// Stack frame
.equ x, 16
.equ y, 20
.equ FRAME, 32
// Code
.text
.section .rodata
.align 3
prompt:
.string "Enter an integer: "
.text
.align 2
.global main
.type main, %function
main:
stp fp, lr, [sp, -FRAME]! // Create stack frame
mov fp, sp // Our frame pointer
adr x0, prompt // Ask user for input
bl write_str
bl get_int // Get x
str w0, [sp, x]
adr x0, prompt // Ask user for input
bl write_str
bl get_int // Get y
str w0, [sp, y]
ldr w0, [sp, x] // Load x
ldr w1, [sp, y] // and y
bl sum
ldr w0, [sp, x] // Load x
ldr w1, [sp, y] // and y
bl difference
ldr w0, [sp, x] // Load x
ldr w1, [sp, y] // and y
bl product
ldr w0, [sp, x] // Load x
ldr w1, [sp, y] // and y
bl quotient
ldr w0, [sp, x] // Load x
ldr w1, [sp, y] // and y
bl remainder
mov w0, wzr // Return 0
ldp x29, x30, [sp], FRAME // Delete stack frame
ret
// Show sum of two integers, return sum.
// Calling sequence
// w0 <- first integer
// w1 <- second integer
.arch armv8-a
// Stack frame
.equ save1920, 16
.equ FRAME, 32
// Code
.text
.section .rodata
.align 3
plus:
.string " + "
equals:
.string " = "
.text
.align 2
.global sum
.type sum, %function
sum:
stp fp, lr, [sp, -FRAME]! // Create stack frame
mov fp, sp // Our frame pointer
stp x19, x20, [sp, save1920] // Save registers
mov w19, w0 // Save inputs
mov w20, w1
mov w0, w19 // First integer
bl put_int
adr x0, plus // +
bl write_str
mov w0, w20 // Second integer
bl put_int
adr x0, equals // =
bl write_str
add w0, w19, w20 // Sum
bl put_int
mov x0, '\n'
bl write_char
add w0, w19, w20 // Return sum
ldp x19, x20, [sp, save1920] // Restore registers
ldp x29, x30, [sp], FRAME // Delete stack frame
ret
// Show difference between two integers, return difference.
// Calling sequence
// w0 <- first integer
// w1 <- second integer
.arch armv8-a
// Stack frame
.equ save1920, 16
.equ FRAME, 32
// Code
.text
.section .rodata
.align 3
minus:
.string " - "
equals:
.string " = "
.text
.align 2
.global difference
.type difference, %function
difference:
stp fp, lr, [sp, -FRAME]! // Create stack frame
mov fp, sp // Our frame pointer
stp x19, x20, [sp, save1920] // Save registers
mov w19, w0 // Save inputs
mov w20, w1
mov w0, w19 // First integer
bl put_int
adr x0, minus // -
bl write_str
mov w0, w20 // Second integer
bl put_int
adr x0, equals // =
bl write_str
sub w0, w19, w20 // difference
bl put_int
mov x0, '\n'
bl write_char
sub w0, w19, w20 // Return difference
ldp x19, x20, [sp, save1920] // Restore registers
ldp x29, x30, [sp], FRAME // Delete stack frame
ret
// Show product of two integers, return product.
// Calling sequence
// w0 <- first integer
// w1 <- second integer
.arch armv8-a
// Stack frame
.equ save1920, 16
.equ FRAME, 32
// Code
.text
.section .rodata
.align 3
times:
.string " * "
equals:
.string " = "
.text
.align 2
.global product
.type product, %function
product:
stp fp, lr, [sp, -FRAME]! // Create stack frame
mov fp, sp // Our frame pointer
stp x19, x20, [sp, save1920] // Save registers
mov w19, w0 // Save inputs
mov w20, w1
mov w0, w19 // First integer
bl put_int
adr x0, times // #
bl write_str
mov w0, w20 // Second integer
bl put_int
adr x0, equals // =
bl write_str
mul w0, w19, w20 // product
bl put_int
mov x0, '\n'
bl write_char
mul w0, w19, w20 // Return product
ldp x19, x20, [sp, save1920] // Restore registers
ldp x29, x30, [sp], FRAME // Delete stack frame
ret
// Show quotient of two integers, return quotient.
// Calling sequence
// w0 <- first integer
// w1 <- second integer
.arch armv8-a
// Stack frame
.equ save1920, 16
.equ FRAME, 32
// Code
.text
.section .rodata
.align 3
div:
.string " / "
equals:
.string " = "
.text
.align 2
.global quotient
.type quotient, %function
quotient:
stp fp, lr, [sp, -FRAME]! // Create stack frame
mov fp, sp // Our frame pointer
stp x19, x20, [sp, save1920] // Save registers
mov w19, w0 // Save inputs
mov w20, w1
mov w0, w19 // First integer
bl put_int
adr x0, div // /
bl write_str
mov w0, w20 // Second integer
bl put_int
adr x0, equals // =
bl write_str
sdiv w19, w19, w20 // Save quotient
mov w0, w19 // For put_int
bl put_int
mov x0, '\n'
bl write_char
mov w0, w19 // Return quotient
ldp x19, x20, [sp, save1920] // Restore registers
ldp x29, x30, [sp], FRAME // Delete stack frame
ret
// Show remainder from dividing two integers, return remainder.
// Calling sequence
// w0 <- first integer
// w1 <- second integer
.arch armv8-a
// Stack frame
.equ save1920, 16
.equ FRAME, 32
// Code
.text
.section .rodata
.align 3
rem:
.string " % "
equals:
.string " = "
.text
.align 2
.global remainder
.type remainder, %function
remainder:
stp fp, lr, [sp, -FRAME]! // Create stack frame
mov fp, sp // Our frame pointer
stp x19, x20, [sp, save1920] // Save registers
mov w19, w0 // Save inputs
mov w20, w1
mov w0, w19 // First integer
bl put_int
adr x0, rem // %
bl write_str
mov w0, w20 // Second integer
bl put_int
adr x0, equals // =
bl write_str
sdiv w1, w19, w20 // Quotient
msub w19, w1, w20, w19 // Save remainder
mov w0, w19 // For put_int
bl put_int
mov x0, '\n'
bl write_char
mov w0, w19 // Return remainder
ldp x19, x20, [sp, save1920] // Restore registers
ldp x29, x30, [sp], FRAME // Delete stack frame
ret